ACB (Air Circuit Breaker)

ACB Is Air Circuit Breaker.

 

Masterpact, reliability

Merlin Gerin latest technology has produced a new concept for the Power Circuit Breaker. With all the advantages of modular construction in polyester enclosure, Masterpact offers performance that is more than just meeting international standards. Masterpact has a high thermal resistance to enable the workings of the so-called Total Discrimination. This is to ensure continuity of service due to a power source in the event of disruption (short circuit), Masterpact would "suspend" disconnection, before all the circuit breaker on the bottom side cut off (trip). Thus, if such interference can only occur at one point, then the circuit breaker in that area alone is disconnected.

Masterpact, without treatment
Without treatment, Masterpact can be operated as many as 10,000 times on the 1600A. If it happens 2 times a day trip, then Masterpact to serve the plant for 13.7 years without treatment. Only by changing the contact point and the arc chutenya, Masterpact to operate 20,000 times on the 1600A.

Motor Contactors and Circuit Breakers

For this section, quite a lot of the items will be explained

Motor Starter
 

Control
- Manual: used when the starter motor is operated manually (on, off, done directly on the starter)
- Auto: used when necessary on, off can be done from somewhere else (remote control) and usually a separate starter motor fitted with a control panel (operation panel).

Association

1. Components: control functions, short circuit protection, overload protection and isolation into a single component (integrated).
2. Components: the control function carried out by contactors and other functions carried out by GV motor circuit breaker.
3. Component: control functions performed by the contactor, and overload protection function performed by a safety relay overload, while the short-circuit protection function and isolation with GV motor circuit breaker or circuit breaker type of MA.

Zelio Smart Relay

Zelio is a smart relay.

The purpose of creation of the Smart Relay :

1. To replace the logic and relay control circuit construction which is a direct installation.

2. With smart relay control circuit is built in software.

3. Smart Relay is designed for installation and maintenance of industrial electrical technicians who do not have to have a high electronics skills.

Advantage Smart Relay:

1. Very easy to implement and faster project implementation time.

2. Is flexible and very reliable.

3.Easy to modify (with software).

4. More economical than PLC for simple applications.

5. Require a shorter training time.

General Rules Grounding System

General Rules Grounding System

> All open conductive parts must be connected to earth via the protective conductor (PE)

> Section that can be touched by the open conductive simultaneously grounded conductor shall be connected with the same (equipotential bonding)

> Switching devices (switching device) should be automatic release of all the installations are troubled by the touch of dangerous disturbance.

> The maximum tripping time rather than switching device must be lower than the time specified on the map "effect of current - the duration of current flow in the human body."

Basic Principles of Protection of Human Life

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION OF HUMAN LIFE

1 Tap Jump (Direct Contact)
2 Tap Indirect (Indirect Contact) PUIL 2000

> Protection of humans from direct touch
Definition is "the contiguity of human or livestock with live parts" (PUIL 2000), such contacts occurred between members of the human body directly or livestock with live parts that will cause electric shock. "

Human protection in accordance with PUIL 2000

> Impedance of the human body

UC = ZT ID

> ZT depends on :
* Frequency
* Voltage touch
* Track the flow of electricity in the human body

> The hazard depends on :
* Strong noise current ID
* The length of time the flow of electricity through the human body
* At 50 Hz, sensitivity at the maximum rate.

Tracking Phenomenon

Tracking Phenomenon (Solution! Eliminate any harmful leakage current protective devices residual current with 300 mA)
1. There are pollutants and sticking on the surface of insulation
Leakage currents (residual) flow through the small part that pollute and / or with high humidity
2. Small sparks arise during the drying stage

The dry part can no longer withstand voltage, nascent small electric sparks on the surface. Sparks Centre has a very high temperature > 10 000 C
3. Certain places there pengkarbonan
These places occur after periods of warming pengkarbonan ; started slightly damaged insulation material
4. Leakage current to flow again during the next sticking
During the period of the next sticking, flow gradually enlarged to flow through the damaged surface
5. During the subsequent drying stage, resulting spark new. The number of electric sparks increased, pengkarbonan surface and causing widespread damage to an increasingly severe
6. Damaged surface increases the longer the.  

The bits of insulation resistance decreases, the flow grows in each cycle.
7. After a certain time to burn insulation materials
When the leakage current becomes large enough, electrical sparks that occur are strong enough to burn the insulation material

Transformer Definition

● The transformer is an electrical device that can connect the electricity networks that have a wide range of voltages so that power can be distributed widely.

● With a transformer, generator (380 volt) transmission line (150 kV) and load electrical load (220/230 Volt) can work simultaneously on different voltages.

Soft Start and Inverter

With the Altivar inverter, induction motor can be adjusted in a wide range. Many applications not only require a wide range of rotation but also the stability of rotation of the desired reference value. To answer this need, it must be installed a control system.

Induction motor consists of two main parts, namely the stator and rotor. Stator is the part that does not move, consisting of layers of metal with grooves containing the coil-coil. Coil-coil is connected to 3 phase power source, to obtain a rotating magnetic field. The speed of rotating magnetic field depends on

number of stator poles and the frequency resources. This speed is called the synchronous speed, which is determined by the formula :

  Ns = 120 f
P

With Ns is the synchronous speed (rpm), f is frequency resources (Hz), and P is the number of stator poles.
 
The inverter is a device that can be used to convert the 3 phase power source into DC voltage which is then converted back to 3 phase power source with the appropriate frequency. This method can be used because it is known that induction motor synchronous speed is proportional to the frequency of its resources.

PLN has the resources of a constant frequency, which is 50 Hz. One effective way to produce a voltage with a frequency that can be regulated is by way of their own raises. For that we need a DC power source. This resource is derived from PLN's resources are rectified by the rectifier. Furthermore, these resources are filtered with filter DC to get DC power source that is more flat. Then through a series of switches (referred to as a bridge inverter) that can be controlled in such a way, those resources can be converted into 3 phase power source at the end of the load. By way of controlling the switching time of these switches using PWM signals (Pulse Width Modulation).

By using the inverter, it will be many technical advantages obtained when compared with other ways. Some benefits include: having a wider range of speeds, has some pattern to the relationship of voltage and frequency, has a facility designation meters, has a slope of acceleration and deceleration that can be set independently, compact, and more secure system.

Electrical interference and Causes

Light failure

● Electric Disturbance to be discussed are: electrical interference caused by currents and voltages, as is often the case in the operation of electric power.

● Electric Disturbance caused by the flow include :
- Over load current (load current), ie: more flows that occur within the electricity network due to, for example on the operation of the motor.
- Over current (over current / short circuit) : Flow with a value exceeding the rated value of equipment. Identifier value is: Ability Flow Conductivity (CRC) pelatan electricity.
- Leakage current (leakage current) : The current that flows into the earth or to other conductive parts. Leakage current can be caused by poor insulation.

● Electric Disturbance caused by stress include :
- Over Voltage (Voltage over): Surge Arrester.

The Difference Between Circuit Breaker, Switch and Fuse

● Circuit Breaker is :
Mechanical switch capable of connecting, flowing currents and decide on a normal circuit conditions and also able to connect, stream for a certain period and decide automatically flow to the abnormal circuit conditions, such as short-circuit conditions (PUIL Chapter-1.9).
● Switches / separator / isolator is :
Devices to separate or connect the circuit in a state of no or almost no load (PUIL Chapter-1.9).
● Fuse / safety fuse / fuse is :
Fusion devices with one or more devices that are specially designed and comparable to the open circuit where a safety fuse inserted and cut off the flow when the flow exceeds the value specified in the appropriate time (PUIL Chapter-1.9).

Dialogue Human - Machine

Which includes the category of tools that serve as media dialogue human with the tools / plant among others :

- Key Illumination
- Lamp Indications (Pilot Light)
- Push Button (Push Button)
- Selector (Selector Switch)
- Selector key (Key Selector)
- Cam Switches
- Switch Voltmeter (Voltmeter Cam Switch)
- Ammeter Switches (Cam Switch Ammeter)
- Switch Off-On
- Transfer Switches (Change Over Switch Cam)
- Switches multistep (multistep Cam Switch)
- Joystick
- Control Panel (Control Station)
- Beacon Tower Light and Illumination Segment
- Indicator Bank Diameter
- Trip Wire & Foot Switches
- Pendant

Detector and Sensor

- TYPE DETECTOR

In general, the detector is divided into 2 types :
- Detection by direct contact (touching the objects to be detected)
- Detection with no direct contact (no contact with the object to be detected)

Detector is included in the type DETECTION BY DIRECT CONTACT:
- Limit Switch
- Pressure Switch

Detector is included in the type DETECTION WITH NO CONTACT DIRECTLY:
- Photoelectric
- Proximity
- Ultrasonic

Limit Switch
Work based on the change in position of the actuator (Part in contact with the object being detected) that move the block contacts within the limit switches. Selection of type of actuator is adapted to the application, size, type and shape of the object to be detected.

Pressure Switch
Is a tool to maintain pressure at a certain limit (between PH boundary, with the lower limit PB). When the pressure reaches the value of PH (hence the switch will change state from On to Off) and if the pressure decreases and reaches the value of PB (the switch will change state from Off to On). The difference between the PH and PB is called Differential. There are 2 types of Pressure Switch :

The Working Principle ELCB

* With the help of toroid, inflows than outflows
* When the balance (there is no residual current or leakage current), then there will be changes
* If there is a residual current that exceeds the rated residual operating current, it is because the imbalance of inflow and outflow will cause the flow flux in the toroid which causes the circuit to the circuit that is connected to the magnet that "holding" a bar that has a (spring)
* Due to changing currents cause the magnetic equilibrium, then the bar will open with the help of a Per

Type of Electrical Power

An AC power source out electric power in the form of "Power On" and '"Reactive Power".

 

* Power On (dalamWatt) are:
Electrical energy needed to be transformed (converted) into other forms of energy: mechanical energy, thermal energy, light.

* Reactive Power (the VAR) are:
Electrical energy is required for the formation of the magnetic field is required 'by the equipment that works with the system of electromagnetic (inductive equipment). Without these magnetization currents of electricity can not flow through the transformer core or through the air gap induction motors. Both these resources form the total power called the "Real Power" (in VA).

Basic Electrical Formulas

Basic Electrical Formulas
 
● V = I x R (Volt).
● P (1 phase) = V x I x cos φ = I ² x R x cos φ (Watt).
● P (3 phase) = √ 3 x VL x IL x cos φ (Watt).
 
Description:
● V = Voltage (Volts) Æ eg: 220 volts.
● I = Current (Ampere).
● R = Resistance (Ohm).
● P = Power (Watts).
● VL = each phase Voltage (volts) Æ eg: 380 volts.
● Line IL = Current (Ampere).

Basic Electrical Theory

Before we discuss the problem of power distribution, power failures and protection, we will repeat the basic theory of electrical problems. Basic Electrical Theory In the discussion it will be reminded again the problem of electricity formulas will often we meet and discuss problems in the operation of a power failure protection, including:

● Basic Electrical Formulas.
● Transformation of the transformer.
● Types of Electric Power.
● Types of Electric Disturbance.

 

Short Circuit Currents

>>> Short Circuit Current

Short-circuit current is:
More flows generated by the interference by ignoring impedance between points on different potential in normal service conditions.

PUIL 2000 (1.9) defines the short circuit current is:
Overcurrent caused by a very small impedance disturbance close to zero between the two active conductive under normal operating conditions different from the potential (short circuit current).